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The fifth edition of literacy criticism was published in 2011 and was written by Charles E. Bressler (Bressler, 2011). The first chapter of the book defines theory, criticism, and literature; and the second presents a historical survey related to literary criticism.
 

A text can have different interpretations that can be discovered from hermeneutical principles. Literacy criticism is a psychological framework developed by the reader in act of analyzing the text, along with interpreting, studying, and evaluating the literature work.  A literary critic has great knowledge and understanding of the terminologies, formal literary criticism methodologies, and philosophical approaches. Practical criticism applies theories, but theoretical criticism provides principles and theories (Bressler, 2011).
 

The literacy theory is the assumption that influences our interpretation of language and understanding. It is concerned with intellectual assumptions, ideas, and concepts. Literature is defined as a work of art with creative writing and imagination. Its definition depends on criticism and theory. The analysis of literature or reading the text methods, both promotes learning but has different epistemological endpoints (Bressler, 2011)
 

The philosophy of life and art was developed by the fifth-century Greeks that works as the foundation of practical and theoretical criticism. Since the fifth century, many critics have developed different principles of criticism.  Plato’s established the foundation of issues of literature and philosophy with the concepts of relation, beauty, truth, goodness, society, ontology, morality, ethics, and epistemology that have been changed, accepted, ignored, and debated. After different viewpoints of Aristotle, Horace, Longinus, Plotinus, Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Sir Philip Sidney, John Dryden, Joseph Addison, Alexander Pope, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, Matthew Arnold, Henry James, and Mikhail Bakhtin led the literary criticism, where criticism schools have rejected the holistic approach that used to analyze, interpret, and investigate elements for literary study. Modernism is the new criticism that deemphasizes the influences of history and culture (Bressler, 2011).
 

Thus, literary criticism in literature is provided by theories and principles. Different critics from the fifth century to the present day have provided various concepts on criticism with agreements and disagreements from previous critics.
 

References


Bressler, C. E. (2011). Chapter 1: Defining Criticism, Theory, and Literature. In C. E. Bressler, Literary Criticism (pp. 1-18). Harlow: Longman.
 
 
Bressler, C. E. (2011). Chapter 2: A Historical Survey of Literary Criticism. In C. E. Bressler, Literary Criticism (pp. 19-47). Harlow: Longman.
 
 
Bressler, C. E. (2011). Literary Criticism (fifth ed.). Harlow: Longman.
 
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