Gender Mainstreaming
Gender mainstreaming is desirable because it implement strategies that helps in improving projects, programs and policies related to the public that ensures a more distributed opportunity for all. Efficient allocation of resources between men and women results in the outcome of well-being of all genders reflecting the creation of a sustainable and socially just society. Impact of implementing gender mainstreaming practice in different sectors confront gender inequalities by raising national policies that are transformative towards growth and development of gender in all sectors. The capabilities of both genders are encouraged by giving them opportunities implementing informational equivalence (Guzura 2017). In higher education, through the social logical theory of capabilities approach, it can be described that development of a policy for higher education institution where opportunities must be provided to both men and women implements the basis of gender equality. It also encourages through a case study where data has been collected from 38 interviews with females who informs that irrespective of transformative national policies, the change has yet to come in the grassroot implementation of gender equality. It is therefore important to implement opportunity in relevance to daily practices and acquisition of effective resources (Loots and Walker 2015).
The number of couples without children is increasing due to the historical and cultural changes that has been experienced by the families as an institution. The implications of social, causal and natural changes in family’s advancement in Western society reflects on the way the situation of the family, low birth rate, rate of survival, marriage as an institution overgoing change a different aspect influencing the way couples are not conceiving children. When performing a historical evaluation of family changes, it can be observed that over the years family policies have been influenced by government, society as well as the advocacy of marriage as a fallen institution. Policies of controlling childbirth is one of the impacts of increasing population leading to severe increase in the rate of smallest average family sizes (Chambers and Gracia 2021). Based on the patterns noticed, the continuous decrement of couples with children where it has resulted in 43% in 2021 has a similar impact on the number of couples without children due to the sociological changes. The number of lone parents is increasing while couples with children is decreasing, sociological theory describing this phenomenon is exchange theory where in married couple, the dynamic is of exchanging services or goods. With the increasing number of individuals who are self-satisfactory in in relevance to fulfilling the requirements, the need for the other gender in the relationship to rear a child is not necessary (Popenoe 2020)
Notion of deviance constructed in the article by Baron and Forde (2007), reflects on the role of control balance and the way it influences the generation of crime. It is through the evaluation of 400 homeless street youths, that minor property crimes, series property crimes, violent crimes are evaluated to understand the influence of participation in crimes. It not only influences the lifestyle of the individuals but also their living conditions leading to experiencing of thrill and risk. However, it also encourages issues in relevance to self-control, developing the violent history as well as peer support which impacts their crime rates, serious theft, assault and others. Its implications are observed through stronger relations in the role of control balance that helps in indicating the deficit that is present in individuals, their control as well as the sense of desperation that influences their performance. It is important to establish that the effect of imbalances influences the way they respond to their situation and accordingly get involved. The emotional nature of these individuals is influenced and we have the ability to over but change so as to implement self-control effectively.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders people experience lower level of education attainment due to their geographical location leading to issues in their participation of training and vocational education. They are unable to hold qualification due to the decreasing participation leading to issues in employment and completion of educational courses leading to low AQF levels. ‘remoteness’ seems as a significant factor that is affecting the school qualification attainment because it has the power of taking away the attention that learners required to effectively acquire knowledge and education (Guenther et al., 2017). The concept of ‘remoteness’ can be described as being distant from something leading to hindering of development as well as lack of knowledge, information as well as resources to create a connection. It might have an influence on education in the form of implementing programs that are designed to close the gap based on educational interventions, Australian government has implemented strategies that would help the aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders to effectively participate through their remote school. The programs will not only contribute to evaluating the reasons due to which learners experience remoteness but also the need for emotional support in relevance to providing services that integrates equality (Guenther and Osborne 2020).
Existence of racism in modern society can be discussed as in the form of unintentional guys that is present in the changes in the behaviour of employees and managers. The theoretical potential of implementing unconscious bias training often leads to specific type of racism based on color blindness, symbolic representation of skin color, hair style and others. It is the psychological inspired practice of racism that is influenced social logical even when there is a discussion of diversity and involvement in workplace. Eliminating racism has become more difficult in modern society due to the presence of digital and technological advancement. Availability of services and platforms on digital media has led to severe exploitation and oppression (Noon 2018). The concept and practice of racism cannot be ended forever because, according to the sociological theory of Marxist feminism, the practice of racism was not just a representation of sexist oppression of patriarchal approach but also it was an exploitation of workers and laborer through capitalism. Social platforms such as use of Facebook has evaluated the approach in understanding digital labour and the way it is unpaid. The concept of gendered audience commodity by Eileen Meehan reflects on the way digital data commodity is both racialized as well as gender implementing that racism, slavery, patriarchy and class will never be completely out of practice in the realm of digital capitalism (Fuchs, 2018).
According to conflict theorists, the process of medicalizing women in pregnancy, childbirth, child rearing and breastfeeding is a way of disempowering them because they are made to depend on the medicines. The body of the women while giving birth is going through its highest level of growth and development however, women’s act of breastfeeding is still treated as a disgusted act in relevance to the public health. The role of medicalization has shaped the way breastfeeding, pregnancy and other aspects have been treated (Young 2020). The medicalization of the process of pregnancy involves medical procedure, medicines and other such resources that makes the women dependent on them. For example, women are scared of giving birth due to negatively shaped misconceptions about pregnancy. According to De Hertogh (2015), with the medicalization of pregnancy, women have been made to think that childbirth or pregnancy cannot be natural. It is the way of the society to make pregnant bodies feel medically disabled leading to further disempowerment of their position in the society. Through the theory ‘cyberfeminism’, the cultural, aesthetic and political movements have been used to implement contradictions and technological interventions by sexually oppressing women into considering that natural birth in pregnancy is not possible. Making them feel a disabled in relevance to having a normal pregnancy is the way of society influence gender biasness.
References
Baron, S.W. and Forde, D.R., 2007. Street youth crime: A test of control balance theory. Justice Quarterly, 24(2), pp.335-355.
Chambers, D. and Gracia, P., 2021. A sociology of family life: Change and diversity in intimate relations. John Wiley & Sons.
De Hertogh, L.B., 2015. Reinscribing a new normal: Pregnancy, disability, and health 2.0 in the online natural birthing community, birth without fear.
Fuchs, C., 2018. Capitalism, patriarchy, slavery, and racism in the age of digital capitalism and digital labour. Critical Sociology, 44(4-5), pp.677-702.
Guenther, J. and Osborne, S., 2020. Did DI do it? The impact of a programme designed to improve literacy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in remote schools. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 49(2), pp.163-170.
Guenther, J., Bat, M., Stephens, A., Skewes, J., Boughton, B., Williamson, F., Wooltorton, S., Marshall, M. and Dwyer, A., 2017. Enhancing training advantage for remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander learners. National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER).
Guzura, T., 2017. An overview of issues and concepts in gender mainstreaming.
Loots, S. and Walker, M., 2015. Shaping a gender equality policy in higher education: which human capabilities matter?. Gender and Education, 27(4), pp.361-375.
Noon, M., 2018. Pointless diversity training: Unconscious bias, new racism and agency. Work, employment and society, 32(1), pp.198-209.
Popenoe, D., 2020. Disturbing the nest: Family change and decline in modern societies. Routledge.
Young, C., 2020. Theorizing ‘deviant’embodiment and the act of breastfeeding. Journal of Gender Studies, 29(6), pp.685-693.
